This report, the first of a two-part series, focuses on highlighting structural issues in the current aid landscape, exemplified by gaps in the earthquake response. Its goal is to provide a comprehensive resource for better understanding aid operations, and to facilitate informed and actionable conversations between humanitarian actors, donors, government agencies and other stakeholders involved in Syria. It aims to enable actors to find more resilient and effective response mechanisms based on an understanding of existing limitations, humanitarian needs and lessons learned from previous experiences.